— title: How to read a book tags: [reading] — # 前言
Chapter 1. The activity and art the reading
reader: understand the world from the written world
reading VS radio & TV
Active Reading
The median of reading could be newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, articles, tracts, AD, blog, forum,
when we contrast active with passive reading, our purpose is, first, to call attention to the fact that reading can be more or less active, and second, to point out the more active the reading the better.
the reader or listener is much more like the catcher in a game of baseball.
to gain the maximun from the writer or speaker he/she should put effort as well. both are active and need to put effort into it
The art of catching is the skill of catching every kind of pitch-fast balls and curves, changeups and knucklers. Similarly, the art of reading is the skill of catching every sort of communication as well as possible.
The ball is a simple unit. It is either completely caught or not. A piece of writing, however, is a complex object. It can be received more or less completely, all the way from very little of what the writer intended to the whole of it.
這是用傳接球來比喻閱讀不適合的地方
The Goals of Reading: Reading for Information and Reading for Understanding
the art of reading: the process whereby a mind, with nothing to operate on but the symbols of the readable matter, and with no help from outside, elevates itself by the power of its own operations.(There is one kind of situation in which it is appropriate to ask for outside help in reading a difficult book. This exception is discussed in Chapter 18). The mind passes from understanding less to understanding more. The skilled operations that cause this to happen are the various acts that constitute the art of reading.
by “learning” is meant understanding more, not remembering more information that has the same degree of intelligibility as other information you already possess.
What are the conditions under which this kind of reading -reading for understanding-takes place? There are two. First, there is initial inequality in understanding. The writer must be “superior” to the reader in understanding, and his book must convey in readable form the insights he possesses and his potential readers lack. Second, the reader must be able to overcome this inequality in some degree, seldom perhaps fully, but always approaching equality with the writer. To the extent that equality is approached, clarity of communication is achieved. In short, we can learn only from our “betters.”
我們只能夠從比我們更好的對象學習嗎?
Reading as learning: The difference between learning by Instruction and
learning by Discovery
To be informed is to know simply that something is the case. To be enlightened is to know, in addition, what it is all about: why it is the case, what its connections are with other facts, in what respects it is the same, in what respects it is different, and so forth.
learning by Instruction(aided discovery): 從老師學習。
learning by Discovery(unaided discovery): 不藉由第三人, 自己觀察研究學習到新的知識。
It would be a mistake to suppose that discovery is active learning and instruction passive. There is no inactive learning, just as there is no inactive reading.
they suppose reading and listening to be relatively effortless. It is probably true that one does less thinking when one reads for information or entertainment than when one is undertaking to discover something.
Terms
reading, learning, thinking
learning includes thinking, sense, imagination, observe, remember (keenness of observation, readily avilable memory, range of imagination, intllect trained in analysis and reflection)
Present and Absent Teachers
there is good reason to place primary emphasis on reading, and let listening become a secondary concern.
聽課是跟老師學習, 聽的過程有問題可以直接問老師；而閱讀是從書的內容學習, 閱讀過程有問題, 書不會回答, 只能靠自己思考跟分析, 這個過程是很接近真實世界的。
Chapter notes
The goal of reading are entertainment, information, and understanding. The different. Different goal will need different reading approach.
Passive Learning V.S. Active Learning
Chapter 2. The Levels of Reading
- Elementary Reading
- “What does the sentence say?”
- Understanding the meaning of each individual word.
- Inspectional Reading
- “What is the book about?”
- “What is the structure of the book?”
- “What kind of book is it?”
- The art of skimming systematically
- Anylytical Reading
- (intensely active)
- Francis Bacon: “some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested”
- Syntopical Reading (Comparative Reading)
Chapter 3. The First Level of Reaing: Elementary Reading
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